When the favourite team wins, fans are very happy , but if favourite team loses, fans are usually upset. Young fans then usually get drunk and go to the streets breaking everything. For example in GB The Liverpool Football Club was not allowed to play in international championships because of behaviour of their fans. I think it wasn_t great for people of the country because football is liked very much in UK. There are also amateur clubs throughout GB. The members of these clubs meet at weekends and play for their pleasure. Other major sports in GB are cricket and rugby-football. The most popular in GB is football. They call this game "soccer." But most people of GB like practising walking, jogging, swimming, playing tennis, etc. In Lithuania people like sports too. The major sport in Lithuania is basketball, the most known team is "Zhalgiris". The base of "Zhalgiris" formed the team which participated in Olympic Games and won bronze medals. Now there are LKL association. It was created two years ago. The most famous basketballers are Sabonis and Marchiulionis. Both of them are now playing for foreign teams. Another popular sport in Lithuania is football. But skills of our professional teams are low, so our country hasn_t won any prize in international championships. Lithuanians like playing tennis, swimming, etc. I like sports too. My favourite sports are f-1 and basketball. I’m not a good player, because I play for my pleasure. Sometimes I play table-tennis with my friend. It’s very interesting game. It’s groove my reaction.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,87 kB)

In 1919 the Russian army was driven from most of Lithuania. A peace treaty was signed, and Russia recognized Lithuania’s sovereignty over Vilnius. But Poland, which had been seeking to recover territory lost during the 18th century, seized the city, after which Kaunas became the capital of Lithuania. From 1920 Lithuania was independent until, as a result of the 1939 pact between the Nazis and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR), it was invaded by Soviet forces. During World War II, the USSR lost possession of Lithuania for a short time, but by 1944 it had re-established firm control. Thousands of armed partisan fighters, known as the “Forest Brothers”, continued their fight for national sovereignty, but during Stalin’s regime Lithuania suffered repression and mass deportations. Relations were less confrontational after the 1950s, but Lithuanians never gave up their goal of independence. In 1990 the country was one of the first republics to declare independence from the USSR, which was by then too unstable to force Lithuania back into the Union. Many countries quickly recognized Lithuania’s sovereignty, as did Russia and other former Soviet republics after the break-up of the USSR in 1991. The Lithuanian government, led by members of a political coalition called Saj?dis, embarked on a radical programme to reform the economy and other social structures, but progress was slow and painful. In national elections held in 1992, voters rejected the Saj?dis leadership in favour of former Communists, who had formed a new political party advocating slower reform and closer ties with neighbouring countries, especially Russia. The new government pledged to remain committed to democracy, but slowed privatization and other reform measures to soften the impact of political and social change. In August 1993 all remaining Russian troops withdrew from Lithuania, leaving the people free to concentrate on building a stable and prosperous country. Economy There was rapid industrialization after World War II, and by 1991 industry accounted for 43 per cent of Lithuania’s gross domestic product (GDP), and agriculture for about 28 per cent. The country makes precision machinery and spare parts, processed foods, and light industrial products. The main exports are machinery and parts, meat and dairy products, and consumer goods. Lithuania has very few natural resources, so the country depends heavily on imported raw materials. Imports include oil and gas, chemicals, metals, and equipment. Output declined after independence, because traditional supply arrangements were interrupted, but Lithuania is seeking ties with Western governments and neighbouring countries to increase revenue, foreign investment, and productivity. After independence, the Sajūdis government introduced a radical reform programme involving privatization and price liberalization. As in all former Communist countries that are moving towards a market economy, the initial results were rising inflation and falling living standards. By 1994, however, there were signs of recovery. The national currency is the litas.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (22,56 kB)

Hormonal control At puberty – roughly ages 11 to 14 – hormone changes produce the bodily changes that serve to distinguish males from females. The general idea is that endocrine glands manufacture hormones (chemical messengers), which travel through the bloodstream to target organs. The basic scheme is simple: by way of hormones, the hypothalamus directs the pituitary, which in turn directs the gonads – the ovaries and the testes. The hormones produced by the gonads – estrogen, progesterone, and androgen – are called sex hormones. These hormones are responsible for the body changes at puberty. In girls, estrogen causes the development of breasts, the changes in the distribution of body fat that results in a more feminine form, and the maturation of the female genitals. In boys, testosterone (a kind of androgen) is responsible for the sudden growth of facial, underarm, and pubic hair; it also causes a deepening of the voice, the development of muscles that lead to a more masculine form, and the growth of the external genitals. In other species, sexual arousal is closely tied to variations in hormonal levels; in humans, however, hormones play less of a role. Neural Control In humans, some of the neural mechanisms involved are at the level of spinal cord. But the organ most responsible for the regulation of sexual arousal and behavior is the brain. Early Experiences Experience has little influence on the mating behavior of lower mammals – inexperienced rats will copulate as efficiently as experienced ones – but it is a major determinant of the sexual behavior of higher mammals. Monkeys raised in partial isolation (in separate wire cages, where they can see other monkeys but cannot have contact with them) are usually unable to copulate at maturity. These monkeys have social or affectional problems: even in nonsexual situations, they are unable to relate to other monkeys. Apparently, normal heterosexual behavior in primates depends also on an affectional bond between two members of the opposite sex. Clinical observations of human infants suggest certain parallels. They develop their first feelings of trust and affection through a loving relationship with the mother. This basic trust is a prerequisite for satisfactory interactions with peers. And affectionate relationship with other youngsters of both sexes lay the groundwork for the intimacy required for the intimacy for sexual relationships among adults. Cultural Influences Unlike that of other primates, human sexual behavior is strongly determined by culture. Every society places some restrictions on sexual behavior. Incest (sexual relations within the family), for example, is prohibited by almost all cultures. Sexual activity among children, homosexuality, masturbation, premarital sex – are permitted in varying degrees by different societies. Although western society is becoming increasingly permissive about premarital sex, men and women still differ in their attitudes toward sex (the majority of women need emotional involvement). Homosexuality Someone is considered homosexual if they are sexually attracted primarily to members of the same sex. Sexual interactions with members of the same sex are not uncommon during childhood, but only a small percentage of people become exclusively homosexual as adults. Extensive interviews with homosexuals suggest that they do not differ from heterosexuals with regard to their identifications with parents of the opposite sex, or with regard to the nature of their first sexual encounter. For exclusive homosexuals, there may be a biological predisposition (hypothesis that homosexuals and heterosexuals may differ with respect to the hormones they were exposed to while still in the womb). EARLY SEXUAL DEVELOPMENT One needs to develop an appropriate gender identity - males need to think of themselves as males, and females as females. This development is quite complex and begins in the womb. Prenatal hormones For the first couple of months after conception, both sexes are identical in appearance. Between 2 and 3 months, a primitive gonad develops into testes (if XY) or into ovaries (if XX). They start producing sex hormones, which then control the development of internal reproduction structures and the external genitals. The critical hormone in genital development is androgen. If enough androgen is produced, the newborn will have male genitals; if there is insufficient androgen, the newborn will have female genitals, even if it is genetically male. After the genitals, androgen begins to masculinize the brain. Hormones versus Environment In cases in which hormonal imbalances result in hermaphrodites (individuals born with both male and female tissue), the assigned label and the sex role in which the individual is raised seem to have greater influence on gender identity than do the individual’s genes and hormones.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,17 kB)

Environmental conditions shape behavior through learning; a person’s behavior, in turn, shapes the environment. Persons and situations influence each other reciprocally (abipusishkai). To predict behavior, we need to know how the characteristics of the individual interact with the characteristics of the situation. The S.C. approach is the contemporary descendent of behaviorism and its outgrowth, stimulus-response psychology, which were dominant in the first half of this century. Like the psychoanalytic approach, the S.C. approach to personality is very deterministic. In contrast to the psychoanalytic approach, however, it pays very little attention to biological determinants. Like its parent, behaviorism, the social learning approach has been strongly influenced by the ideas of Darwin. The processes of learning shape the individual’s behavioral repertoire to be adaptive to his or her environment. Through its emphasis on specifying the environmental variables that evoke specific behaviors, S.C. theory has made a major contribution to both clinical psychology and personality theory. It has led us to see human actions as reactions to specific environments, and it has helped us to focus on the way in which environments control our behavior and how they can be changed to modify behavior. The careful application of learning principles has proved successful in changing maladaptive behavior. S.C. theorists have also challenged the notion that individuals are cross-situanionally consistent, forcing other personality theorists to reexamine the fundamental assumptions of their approaches. S.C. theorists have been criticized for overemphasizing the importance of situational influences on behavior and thus losing the person in personality psychology. Many personality theorists are unwilling to concede that personality has as little cross-situational consistency as social learning implies.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,24 kB)

Overall, the decline in cigarette smoking prevalence in the adult U.S. population is not occurring at a rate that will meet the 2010 national health objective of 12 percent. Sustaining or increasing implementation of comprehensive tobacco control programs to meet the CDC recommended funding levels are necessary to attain the 2010 national objective.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,19 kB)

INSOMNIA The term insomnia is used in reference to complaints about a symptom, namely, dissatisfaction with the amount or quality of one’s sleep. Whether or not a person has insomnia is almost always a subjective decision. A difficult feature of insomnia is that people seem to overestimate their sleep loss. One study that monitored the sleep of people who identified themselves as insomniacs found that only about half of them were actually awake as much as 30 minutes during the night. The problem may be that light or restless sleep sometimes fells like wakefulness or that some people remember only time spent awake and think they have not slept because they have no memory of doing so. NARCOLEPSY AND APNEA Two relatively rare but severe sleep disorders are narcolepsy and apnea. A person with narcolepsy may fall asleep while writing a letter, driving a car, or carrying on a conversation. Individuals with this dysfunction have recurring, irresistible attacks of drowsiness (apsnūdimas). These episodes can occur several times a day in severe cases, and last from a few second to 15-30 minutes. Essentially, narcolepsy is the intrusion (įsibrovimas) of REM episodes into daytime hours. During attacks victims go quickly into a REM state, so rapidly in fact that they may lose muscle control and collapse (smarkiai nusilpti) before they can lie down, they may report experiencing hallucinations. Narcolepsy runs in families, and there is evidence that a specific gene or combination of genes confers susceptibility (teikia jautruma) to the disorder. In sleep apnea the individual stops breathing while asleep. There are two reasons for apnea attacks. One reason is that the brain fails to send a “breathe” signal to the diaphragm and other breathing muscles, thus causing breathing to stop. The other reason is that muscles art the top of the throat become too relaxed, allowing the windpipe (gerklė, trachėja) to partially close, thereby forcing the breathing muscles to pull harder on incoming air, which causes the airway to completely collapse. During an apnea, the oxygen level of the blood drops dramatically, leading to the secretion of emergency hormones. This reaction causes the sleeper to awaken in order to begin breathing again. Most people have a few apneas a night, but people with severe sleep problems may have several hundred apneas per night. With each apnea they wake up in order to resume breathing, but these arousals are so brief they are generally unaware of doing so. The result is that those who suffer from apnea can spend 12 or more hours in bed each night and still be so sleepy the next day that they cannot function and will fall asleep even in the middle of a conversation. Sleep apnea is common among older men. Not waking up is probably one of the main reasons people die in their sleep. SLEEP DEPRIVATION (miego atėmimas, netekimas) . The need for sleep seems so important that we might expect being deprived of sleep for several nights to have serious consequences. Numerous studies have shown, however, that the only consistent effects of sleep deprivation are drowsiness, a desire to sleep, and a tendency to fall asleep easily. Subjects kept awake for 50 hours or more show nothing more noticeable than transient inattentions, confusions, or misperceptions. Even sleepless periods exceeding four days produce little in the way of severely disturbed behavior. In one study in which a subject was kept awake for 11 days and nights, there were no unusually deviant responses. Intellectual activities such as answering short test questions seem unaffected by several nights of sleep deprivation. ADVICE FOR A GOOD NIGHT’S SLEEP. • Establish a regular schedule of going to bed and getting up • Stay away form caffeinated drinks like coffee or cola for several hours before bedtime. Drink milk. • Don’t eat heavily before going to bed • Regular exercise will help you sleep better • Relax before bedtime, avoid stressful thoughts

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,81 kB)

First of all, the slogan misses an important point. The death penalty does not punish people for killing, but for murder. Killing is justified when it is done in self-defense. Killing means to cause death. Murder, on the other hand, is defined as, "the unlawful and malicious or premeditated killing of one human being by another". "Kill," "murder," and "execute" are not interchangeable terms. Death penalty opponents would like us to believe otherwise. Just because two actions result in the same end does not make them morally equivalent. If it were so, legal incarceration would be equated with kidnapping, lovemaking with rape, self-defense with assault, etc. Therefore, the slogan is better stated, "We execute people to show people that murder is wrong." Morality is defined as "the principles of right and wrong." As moral creatures, humans deserve praise for good deeds, and punishment for bad ones. Punishment may range from a slap on the wrist to death, but the punishment must fit the crime. Morally, it is wrong to incarcerate someone for murder. A sentence of life in an air-conditioned, cable-equipped prison where a person gets free meals three times a day, personal recreation time, and regular visits with friends and family is a slap in the face of morality. People will say here that not all prisons are like the one cited. This betrays an ignorance, however, of current trends. Eventually, criminal rights activists will see to it that all prisons are nice places to go. But regardless of the conditions of a particular prison, someone who murders another human being can only be made to pay for his actions by forfeiting his own life. This is so, simply because a loss of freedom does not and cannot compare to a loss of life. In reality, the murderer actually gets off easy when he is sentenced to death. Executions in this country are performed by lethal injection and electrocution. If a person is lethally injected, he is first put to sleep, and then he is administered drugs that will stop his heart. If a person faces the electric chair, he is dead within seconds. Compare this to the heinous crimes of the murderer, where often the victim will go through excruciating pain for minutes, hours, or sometimes days. The opponents of death penalty gives five reasons why the death penalty should be abolished. Those reasons are quite commonly given, so I will address their objections here. 1. The death penalty is racist. 2. The death penalty punishes the poor. These are basically the same argument. What it boils down to is "the death penalty is not applied fairly." This cannot be an argument against the death penalty. If it were, then it would be an argument against all punishments. To argue that the death penalty is to be abolished because it is not fairly imposed is to admit that if it were imposed fairly it would be okay. This is not an argument against the death penalty but an argument to improve the justice system. Is the system unfair? Fix it. What is unfair is not that the black and poor prisoners get what they deserve. What is unfair is that the rich and white prisoners do not. 3. The death penalty condemns the innocent to die. There is absolutely no proof for this statement. The possibility of an innocent person being executed is extremely small, and continues to decrease with the improvement of forensic science. It is true that death row prisoners have been released, but it is not true that they were innocent. Consider the following fact: A judgment of acquittal is final. Even if overwhelming evidence is later uncovered, the prosecution can never appeal. Likewise, if a conviction is reversed on appeal because the evidence of guilt was legally insufficient to prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, then the defendant cannot be retried. Furthermore, if a court decides that the evidence brought against the defendant was legally insufficient, it is not saying that the defendant was actually innocent. By making this decision, the court is merely saying that the prosecution did not prove the defendant's guilt beyond a reasonable doubt. We must make a distinction when we use the words "acquittal" and "innocent." The media often overlooks this distinction, and thrives on causing widespread panic that an innocent person was falsely convicted. Being acquitted, however, does not mean that the defendant did not actually commit the crime. A jury must acquit "someone who is probably guilty but whose guilt is not established beyond a reasonable doubt. 4. The death penalty is not a deterrent against violent crime. The death penalty as a deterrent to crime is not the issue. Capital punishment is, pardon the redundancy, a punishment for crime. As a punishment, it is 100% effective; every time it is used, the prisoner dies. Additionally, the death penalty is actually 100% effective as a deterrent to crime: the murderer will never commit another crime once he has been executed. 5. The death penalty is cruel and unusual punishment. The death penalty is not cruel and unusual punishment. The framers of the Constitution supported the death penalty, so it is ridiculous to claim that cruel and unusual punishment refers to the death penalty. Furthermore, it is logically impossible to be cruel while punishing a guilty murderer for murdering an innocent victim. I have tried to argue here that the death penalty is moral and just. We must never forget that no one has to be executed; if no one murders, no one is executed. Murderers are not innocent people fighting for their lives; that statement describes their victims.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,99 kB)

SM is a intermediary (tarpininkas) storage between SeM and LM. One of its functions is in some way to process information and transmit it for further processing and storage. For this first of all is used encoding. Acoustic encoding is very common in SM and for a long time psychologists thought that was the only method of encoding. Evidence of its importance is documented by that show, for example, the letters T and C are more likely to be confused in SM than C and O, even when they are presented visually.Such results suggest that subjects are recoding the visual symbols to acoustic representations, thus explaining why the similar-sounding C and T are more easily confuced than the different-sounding C and O. There is ample evidence of visual and especially semantic encoding in SM as well. One of the most important aspects of SM is its limited capacity. It is 7 ± 2 elements for a wide variety of materials. There is a tremenduous amount of variation of what can be put into each of those seven bits. For example, we can hold seven numbers in our SM, but also7 words, 7 pictures, or sometimes even 7 sentences. In fact, the bits may be made considerably larger through the processes of chunking, by which we combine pieces of information together to allow them to take up less space in working memory. Another important process that occurs in SM is rehearsal, the temporary activation or recycling or information through memory. Rehearsal may be maintenance (holds information in SM long enough for it to be acted upon in some way) or elaborative (nuodugnus) rehearsal (helps transfer information to LM). Elaborative rehearsal relates information to other concepts already in LM and and develops new asociations between these concepts. The explanations offered for forgetting from SM generally cluster around two general phenomena. On the one hand forgetting is said to occur due to decay of the memory trace over time. The other class of explanations uses the consept of interference. Material is forgotten because other material that is similar is some way interferes by replacing or distorting it. Interference may be retroactive, which means it occurs after original leaning. And proactive, when interfering material comes first and hinder the learning of something else later. We use SM when we are thinking about something at the moment, solving problems (in this case information is retrieved from LM to SM). SM plays a role in understanding language. Findings suggest that we have a special memory system for processing language. A patient who has a defective memory span but normal language understanding has an impaired SM but an intact language memory. The special memory for language seems limited to relatively simple sentences. Once sentences become complex SM is brought in for help. When it come sto higher-level language processes like following a conversation or reading a text, SM appears to play a crucial role. When reading for understanding, often we must consciously relate new sentences to some prior material in the text.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,64 kB)

It is clear why people enjoy shopping there. Everything on sale is under one roof, all the goods are displayed so that you can see them easily, and the customers can walk round and choose what they want. The store is divided into departments: clothes, toys, kitchen goods, sporting goods and so on. In some department stores there are escalators to take people to the different floors. In modern stores there are televisions and radios informing customers about things in the stores. There are video cameras installed in order to stop people from stealing things. Music produces the right atmosphere. In a department store you may find a lot of little things that you may want for the house. And if you are going to buy a birthday present for somebody, you may see one or two suitable things as you walk around.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,59 kB)

There is lot of risky things, about which we do not know anything. And of course, we do not worry about it to much. We do not care, that loud noise has influence to color-blindness. We do not know how many harmful material we inhale with polluted air. We do not know what kind of chemical material was used to make ice-cream, which we eat, look so nice. At last, are you sure, that you know all diseases, which threaten to you? We run the risk, this way. Second group of risky things would be risk, about which we know and which we ignore. I am sure, that everybody knows about tabacco and lungs cancer. I am not sure, that everybody cares. It is maybe because these dangerous things, like smoking, crossing street not in pedestrian crossing, eating lot of junk food are quite invisible. If we could see how Tobacco damages our lungs in real-time through microscope - we won’t smoke. If we could see man, who dies in car accident near by us - we won’t cross street not in pedestrian crossing anymore. What can you say about junk food and heart diseases? Sure, they are related. But until you can not see this relationship with the naked eye - you’ll keep eating junk fund and run a risk to die. Third, and of course, most interesting group of dangerous things and actions - things, which we are worried about. We notice them. We are afraid of them. We thing, that we will decrease the level of risk by avoiding them. We discuss about them: what is less risky - plane, car or ship? We thing, that right decision will help us to save our lifes or make them longer. I am sure, that right decision about decreasing level of risk would be very simple. Less thinking about it. Do not make silly things, just less worry about safety, which is related with cars, ships, planes, youth wars in the streets, guns, chemical stuff in air, neutral power stations, falling asteroids, etc. Enjoy life. That’s best decision.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,2 kB)

Post-traumatic stress disorder may develop immediately after the disaster, or it may be brought on by some minor stress weeks, months, or even years later. And it may last a long time. A study of survivors of Nazi concentration camps found that 97 percent were still troubled with anxiety 20 years after they were freed from the camps. Many still relived the traumas of persecution in their dreams and were fearful that something terrible would happen to their spouses or their children whenever they were out of sight.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (24,96 kB)

Post-traumatic stress disorder may develop immediately after the disaster, or it may be brought on by some minor stress weeks, months, or even years later. And it may last a long time. A study of survivors of Nazi concentration camps found that 97 percent were still troubled with anxiety 20 years after they were freed from the camps. Many still relived the traumas of persecution in their dreams and were fearful that something terrible would happen to their spouses or their children whenever they were out of sight.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,09 kB)

This is just one out of millions stories of rape. Several books can be written describing the stories of rape and many more volumes about the feelings of the raped women. Every day newspapers are full of reports of rape. People are scared. We know the definition of rape, but very few know what a victim feels. The act of not being able to choose what you want to do with your very own body is a violation in itself. No one understands that feeling until it happens. It is like knowing that you are going to get into a car accident, seeing the other vehicle approaching, not being able to stop it, but it lasting much, much longer. We are taught that we can choose how to live, but in case of raping we can not do anyhing at all, just wait until the end: end of the act or end of life… “I know that I will never, ever be the same person again. In fact, after it happened, I asked both my daughter and my sister if I looked different. Because I have changed so much, it must be on my face”, -says a raped 49-year woman. There are many explanations of a crime, its reasons and the effects on the victim. The view towards the causes of a rape changed over centuries. But almost all theories, no matter how old are they and their authors have one common trait: they blame the criminal and emphasize that he has some psychical disorders. Actually, there is a question: who is a victim: a raped woman or a rapist. They both are victims. The impact of rape on the victims emtional health appears to be huge. Several studies have found that during the first six months after rape, women show high levels of depression, anxiety, dismay and many other indicators of emotional distress. Some women manage to cope with it, fight and repair their lives. But the rapist cannot. He is not normal. A normal man cannot do such horrible things with so sad circumstances just for such a short pleasure. S. Brownmiller, a feminist, claims that the main motive of rape is a man’s asspiration to control and predominate over woman. Psychologists support this idea and claim that a rapist had problems in communicating in early childhood and he can not have close relationship with people. He is very lonely and repulsed and that is why he wants revenge. This theory also explains why he chooses women: physically women are weaker than men and there is much more chance to suceed. Statistical data show that the majority of the rapists feel that they are of little value. That is why they want to show their strenght and choose not very self-confident, weak and young women ( the most common age is 16-25 years). I ask a victim of a rape: “Was he normal?”. She is shocked by such a stupid question: “Normal? That bastard is sick. He was not a human. He was worse than an animal”. The biological theory explains that rapists are born with the savage instincts of wild animals. A bent for aggression and other crimes is inherited and lots of evidence is found. Christiansen’s research shows that if one of the monozygotic twins is a criminal, it is predictible that the other one will be a criminal as well. One more scientifically prooved explanation is related with internal inhibitions and controls. Only very few rapists are irresponsible for their actions. But the majority of criminals do not have such internal inhibitions and values as normal people do. Psychologists assert that internal controls are not develoveloped because of deficient or deviant values of a person. It is obvious that a man with strong and right values does not even think of such a humiliation of an innocent woman and of ruining her life. Only the one who thinks that it is quite normal to take by force from a woman what in normal conditions she can give to a man, can rape and after that feel almost normally or just feel nothing. And this leads to the only conclusion- he is not like the majority, he is not normal. Psychoanalytic theory, which also says that rapists are not normal people, was developed by Zigmund Freud. He says that the Superego (or the conscience) of rapists is not strong enough to contervale the wild inborn instincts of the Id. S.Freud claims that the sexual instinct is the most powerful in people’s decisions, but the Superego manages to control it. But when the Superego is weak, man can listen to his wild instinct to satisfy the sexual wish to have sex with any woman right here and right now. This disorder is very dangerous both to that individual and for society. Freud treats such men as not normal, but curable. But rape is not just a sexual intercause, but a physical injury as well. About seventy percent of rape is combined with severe injuries. Thanks God that just a little part is followed by death. There are such sadistic rapists who keep their victims for several days, no matter wheather she has children, hwo are waiting for their mother to return home. One married woman was taken from her own home and beaten and raped for seven days. Were they normal? It is up to You to decide. A normal man is ashamed to beat a woman at all. And here four “normal” men beat and rape a married woman for several days and do not care that her baby is waiting for his sweetest mummy. What do those men get for such actions? Ten orgasms and an opportunity to train their muscles? Was it worth the trouble? They think so, because they are deviants. Some men are such devils that they rape their own children and wives- the most precious people in their lives. The worst word in the world would be too kind for them. And for rape they are inprisoned only for eight to fifteen years. But the question is why they aren’t sentenced by capital punishment. They come out of prison and rape again. Another kind of rape is so-called “date rapes”. Such rapists are deviant in few aspects: they do not understand the meaning of a very simple word “No” ; and they feel satisfaction in having sex with a woman who may be screaming, crying, trying to escape… The main difference from the simple rapists is that they rarely beat their victim. But this is not a big comfort to the victim. A rapist can be anyone: a father, a grandfather, an uncle, a neighbour, a son… It would be good if physical appearance of the rapists would differ from the appearance of normal men. But it does not. Only psychics differ greatly: the men who can rape women have very serious problems in communicating with people, feel that they are of little value, do not have internal inhibitions and controls. The rapists are not like other men- they are not normal.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,22 kB)

So I can assert that the greatest influence on environment has the philosophy. And the biggest philosophies are the religions. But now I have to be disillusioned with the absence of the proper religion. If we take for example the Indian - this religion treats the world as an illusion. The reality is the great one. I don’t think that kind of philosophy / religion is effective in forming a backdrop for environmental responsibility. We are growing larger and larger as a world. More and more people will be inhabiting the earth, and we will need to do more to see that the world can provide for us all. Where will we find the appropriate philosophy for it? Indian religion, with respect for the spirits of the animals and the trees, cuts closer to the kind of philosophy I would like to see. However, the religion is perhaps too deferential. Indian religion arose in an atmosphere of relative abundance and few people. Indian philosophy of the environment is predicated on an abundance and not subduing our environment to make it produce more. The ways are traditional and more passive. The earth gives us what we need, and we take what we need. With the amount of population of the world today, however, we do need the division of labour and economies of scale to allow for the abundance of food and needed items to feed, house, and cloth the world’s people. If we look to the East we will found that this philosophy is not appropriate at all. Too big population will cause the lack of food, houses, and clothes. For some people of this religion the ideas of saving the environment may seem completely alien. In my opinion some places of this religion should be changed, should be updated. The same thing is with the Christian religion. If we look through the history we can find lots of facts when Christianity was trying to stop the development of science. If it had happened differently the great pollution would have started earlier. But on other hand the people would have earlier noticed the impact of human-beings on the environment. The Christians tenets indicates all the human’s behaviour, except his relationship with nature.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,97 kB)

So I can assert that the greatest influence on environment has the philosophy. And the biggest philosophies are the religions. But now I have to be disillusioned with the absence of the proper religion. If we take for example the Indian - this religion treats the world as an illusion. The reality is the great one. I don’t think that kind of philosophy / religion is effective in forming a backdrop for environmental responsibility. We are growing larger and larger as a world. More and more people will be inhabiting the earth, and we will need to do more to see that the world can provide for us all. Where will we find the appropriate philosophy for it? Indian religion, with respect for the spirits of the animals and the trees, cuts closer to the kind of philosophy I would like to see. However, the religion is perhaps too deferential. Indian religion arose in an atmosphere of relative abundance and few people. Indian philosophy of the environment is predicated on an abundance and not subduing our environment to make it produce more. The ways are traditional and more passive. The earth gives us what we need, and we take what we need. With the amount of population of the world today, however, we do need the division of labour and economies of scale to allow for the abundance of food and needed items to feed, house, and cloth the world’s people. If we look to the East we will found that this philosophy is not appropriate at all. Too big population will cause the lack of food, houses, and clothes. For some people of this religion the ideas of saving the environment may seem completely alien. In my opinion some places of this religion should be changed, should be updated. The same thing is with the Christian religion. If we look through the history we can find lots of facts when Christianity was trying to stop the development of science. If it had happened differently the great pollution would have started earlier. But on other hand the people would have earlier noticed the impact of human-beings on the environment. The Christians tenets indicates all the human’s behaviour, except his relationship with nature.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,09 kB)

After a bath, you have to choose a proper dress. Then, the most important thing is make-up. Moreover, you can not forget that your make-up must be not too heavy and colorful as it may scare your boyfriend. When your make-up is done, you need to choose jewelry. Of course, it should match your dress and make-up, as well. If you do everything carefully step-by-step and choose the right clothes and jewelry, you are supposed to have the most wonderful date in your life!

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,57 kB)

. I’m not saying all pop fans are closed minded to the point where they listen to the music genre that is currently trendy in hopes of it helping them position themselves socially. I’m also not denying the fact, people like that are out there. In most cases, I think people listen to pop because for some reason they’re not involved in another music scene, so it’s all they know exists. Record labels systematically chose who they want to sign, and then promote them to the public. Therefore, they have an enormous influence on what music America and many other countries listen to. This is bad news because corporate promoters don’t just go out looking for talent to sign to their label regardless of what kind of music it is attached to. Companies use statistics to determine what they think will sell, and sign whoever fits the right criteria. They don’t bother looking for artists who aren’t playing what’s hot; they want bands playing the sound they know sells. Labels also want bands with catchy songs, and I don’t know about you but I think catchy giggles are for advertisements. Real musicians have to be careful where they put their signature, because any one who takes them self seriously wouldn’t stand for a company who censers their art. Also you may have noticed TV is now just as much a source of music as radio, so you better be an attractive conformist if you want to be promoted as an artist in the business of pop music. MTV, without doubt, plays a major role in how generic popular music has become. Obviously the birth of music videos gave big business a chance to sell music to the other four senses. The real opportunity for MTV to cash in on the music industry wasn’t just picking up their crumbs. Just luring in those people whose ears are uninterested in music with flashy colors and shiny things is no longer their motive. Quickly MTV figured out eye candy doesn’t sell nearly as well as the fantasy life the right image can supply. There is nothing wrong with having an image, everyone portrays an image whether they like it or not. In this case the problem is, MTV uses image to sell a product where image should be considered irrelevant. The effect of doing this is closing the viewers’ minds; it causes people to listen to music only on the expressional level.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,29 kB)

In 400 B.C., Hippocrates suggested that there were four basic personality types, associated with the four bodily humors. • An excess of black bile produces the melancholic (depressed) type; • An excess of yellow bile produces the choleric (irritable) type; • Blood produces the sanguine (optimistic) type; • And phlegm produces the phlegmatic (calm, stolid) type. A more differentiated typology was published by Theophrastus (372-287B.C.). He proposed a set of 30 personality types. Each of them began with a brief definition of the dominant characteristic of the type and then described several behaviors typical of the type. Among his characters were the Liar, the Tasteless Man, the Flatterer and the Penurious Man. Body physique has also been a popular basis for personality typologies. The idea that body build and personality characteristics are related is reflected in such popular stereotypes as “fat people are jolly” or “skinny people are intellectuals”. In the 1940s the American physician William Sheldon reported correlations between three bodily physiques, called somatotypes, and temperament. • The endomorphic somatotype looks soft and round and has a relaxed, sociable temperament. • The mesomorphic somatotype is muscular and athletic; the main features of his temperament are energy, assertiveness, and courage. • Ectomorphic (tall and thin somatotype has a restrained, fearful, introverted, artistic temperament. However, Sheldon’s evidence was not very strong and the possibility that his temperament rating simply reflected popular stereotypes was left. Although most contemporary psychologists do not consider somatotyping useful, some have continued to refine the system and to present confirming data. All these theories are called type theories because they propose that individuals can be categorized into discrete types that are qualitatively different from one another. Typologies have been useful in many other sciences as chemistry (the periodic chart of the elements), biology (concepts of a species and of sex). Netherless, psychological type theories of personality are currently not very popular. The very simplicity that makes them appealing (patrauklus) also makes them less capable of capturing the complexity and variability of human personality. So in a few words: the typologies of personality have been rejected for the wrong reasons and their virtues have been overlooked. The typologies comprise (apima) discontinuous (nutrūkstantis, netolydus) categories like male and female, and the traits are conceived (suprantamas) of as continuous dimensions. Sheldon, rather than categorizing body physiques into one of three pure types, rated them on three dimensions, using 7-point rating scales. For example the man who get 2-7-4 would be low on endomorphy, high on mesomorphy and moderate on ectomorphy. More generally, trait theories of personality assume that persons vary simultaneously on a number of personality dimensions or scales. We might rate an individual on scales of intelligence, emotional stability, aggressiveness and so on. Actually we are all trait theorists, when we informally describe ourselves and others with such adjectives as “aggressive”, “cautious”, “excitable”, “intelligent” and so on. Trait psychologists attempt to go beyond our everyday trait conceptions of personality, however. Specifically, they seek • to arrive at a manageably small set of trait descriptors that can encompass the diversity of human personality • to craft ways of measuring personality traits reliably and validly and • to discover the relationships among traits and between traits and specific behaviors.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,57 kB)

In 400 B.C., Hippocrates suggested that there were four basic personality types, associated with the four bodily humors. • An excess of black bile produces the melancholic (depressed) type; • An excess of yellow bile produces the choleric (irritable) type; • Blood produces the sanguine (optimistic) type; • And phlegm produces the phlegmatic (calm, stolid) type. A more differentiated typology was published by Theophrastus (372-287B.C.). He proposed a set of 30 personality types. Each of them began with a brief definition of the dominant characteristic of the type and then described several behaviors typical of the type. Among his characters were the Liar, the Tasteless Man, the Flatterer and the Penurious Man. Body physique has also been a popular basis for personality typologies. The idea that body build and personality characteristics are related is reflected in such popular stereotypes as “fat people are jolly” or “skinny people are intellectuals”. In the 1940s the American physician William Sheldon reported correlations between three bodily physiques, called somatotypes, and temperament. • The endomorphic somatotype looks soft and round and has a relaxed, sociable temperament. • The mesomorphic somatotype is muscular and athletic; the main features of his temperament are energy, assertiveness, and courage. • Ectomorphic (tall and thin somatotype has a restrained, fearful, introverted, artistic temperament. However, Sheldon’s evidence was not very strong and the possibility that his temperament rating simply reflected popular stereotypes was left. Although most contemporary psychologists do not consider somatotyping useful, some have continued to refine the system and to present confirming data. All these theories are called type theories because they propose that individuals can be categorized into discrete types that are qualitatively different from one another. Typologies have been useful in many other sciences as chemistry (the periodic chart of the elements), biology (concepts of a species and of sex). Netherless, psychological type theories of personality are currently not very popular. The very simplicity that makes them appealing (patrauklus) also makes them less capable of capturing the complexity and variability of human personality. So in a few words: the typologies of personality have been rejected for the wrong reasons and their virtues have been overlooked. The typologies comprise (apima) discontinuous (nutrūkstantis, netolydus) categories like male and female, and the traits are conceived (suprantamas) of as continuous dimensions. Sheldon, rather than categorizing body physiques into one of three pure types, rated them on three dimensions, using 7-point rating scales. For example the man who get 2-7-4 would be low on endomorphy, high on mesomorphy and moderate on ectomorphy. More generally, trait theories of personality assume that persons vary simultaneously on a number of personality dimensions or scales. We might rate an individual on scales of intelligence, emotional stability, aggressiveness and so on. Actually we are all trait theorists, when we informally describe ourselves and others with such adjectives as “aggressive”, “cautious”, “excitable”, “intelligent” and so on. Trait psychologists attempt to go beyond our everyday trait conceptions of personality, however. Specifically, they seek • to arrive at a manageably small set of trait descriptors that can encompass the diversity of human personality • to craft ways of measuring personality traits reliably and validly and • to discover the relationships among traits and between traits and specific behaviors.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,69 kB)

Talking about types of music I like, I must say that I like music which is popular in Lithuania. However, when I feel sad or tired I tend to listen to club music. That kind of music makes people not to think about daily routine, forget all the complicated situations and fall down to music. I relax while listening to music. As I am expected to talk about singers I must say that I have many favorite singers. I prefer listening to Sting. He is a great singer. His music is relaxing. It is different from others. Also I like Enrique Iglesias, Robbie Williams, ATB and many others. I should admit that my favorite singer depends on my mood. Great question is about music which I dislike. I absolutely dislike country style music, rock. I don’t listen to Lithuanian music. It is not the one I like. Mentioning Lithuanian musical groups everybody would agree that we have too many music groups and not all of them are good. For example, some groups are not good singers. They do music only for money, not for culture. Sometimes it looks that they shouldn’t sing at all as they make music awful. To sum it up, I want to notice that music is important for all of us not only as a free time spending, but also and good friend in loneliness.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,02 kB)

This strong and independent Slavic woman was born Gonxha (Agnes) Bojaxhiu in Skopje, Yugoslavia, on August 27, 1910. Five children were born to Nikola and Dronda Bojaxhiu, yet only three survived. Gonxha was the youngest, with an older sister, Aga, and brother, Lazar. This brother describes the family's early years as well-off, not the life of peasants reported inaccurately by some. We lacked for nothing. In fact, the family lived in one of the two houses they owned. Nikola was a contractor, working with a partner in a successful construction business. He was also heavily involved in the politics of the day. Lazar tells of his father's rather sudden and shocking death, which may have been due to poisoning because of his political involvement.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (5,51 kB)

Our school is famous for its past and for its director. I like my school because I got education here. Since the first class I attend this school. The school building is not very nice. We have a playing fields and a garden near our school. There are a lot of classrooms inside the school. Some years ago we had a special class for different subjects, but now we have our own classroom, and only for some subjects we have special classroom. Our school has a very good English room and a good chemistry, physics laboratory. Our classroom is my favourite, because I feel that all the things in the room are mine, and that I'm the master of this place. My favourite subject are physical training and chemistry though its very difficult for me but I like it. In our school we have also got woodwork and metalwork shops, a gymnasium, a nice school hall and a library. There are a lot of clubs in our school. I don't belong to any one. We have got good basketball and football teams at our school. I like basketball, because I like play this game myself. There are some very good musicians at our school. On Fridays we often had dance-parties at our school. I can't say that school life is very interesting but I am quite happy, I can attend this school. I like my class very much, because our class is very friendly, and very merry.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,94 kB)

Although much of Skuodas was destroyed during the Second World War, fragments of the old town are still standing on both sides of the Bartuva River. Now Skuodas has over 27628 inhabitants and is an agricultural – regional center. Talking about what makes my native town different compared to others, I must say that Skuodas is one of the towns, which are situated nearest to the frontier with Latvia. You must walk only 2 kilometers and you are in Latvia. As far as Skuodas is concerned it is the center of region. As I know, there isn’t many places of interest in Skuodas, but around Skuodas there are a lot places of interest as they are the following: Stone museum in Mosėdis, many mounds, for example Apuolės, Puotkalių and so on, the biggest stone in Lithuania, which is situated in Barstyčiai. But I am sure, that Skuodas is attractive for many tourists. It goes with the territory, that all people in Skuodas are really stubborn and persistent, as they are born to be Lowlanders. I think that’s a presumption, that all Lowlanders are lazy and not very active. Many would agree that Lowlanders are truly active and lively. As I said earlier, Skuodas is my native town, but despite of that I don’t want to live there later on. There are many reasons why I don’t want to live in Skuodas. Firstly, I am not sure that in this town I could get a job, which I want to, and I won’t be able to do a great career here. Secondly, I like quite huge cities in which are many interesting things, hard traffic, a lot of noise and many funny people. Thirdly, I want to make my future children happy. For example, if people was born and lived all his life in a great city, everybody looks at him differently from people who lived in small town or village. All these facts combine the situation, that I don’t want to live in Skuodas in the future. Its hard to talk about the opportunities which Skuodas offers for young people. There are no universities or higher educational establishments in Skuodas. There is only one gymnasium, Bartuva school, arts school and vocational education school. On the other hand, students can attend many activities after school. As a matter of fact, that there are not a lot opportunities for young people, not even I but a lot other young people want to leave Skuodas in the near future. All in all, I can say that Skuodas is lovely and beautiful little town in which I was born. I am thinking of leaving this town in the near future, but I can’t stand without Skuodas for all my life. If I live in other bigger city, I will come back to Skuodas to visit my family, relatives and friends.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (4,1 kB)

I remember how a girl from 12th form gave me a pencil and my first exercise book, how she took me to the inside-yard of the school to listen a boring speech of the director. Then I remember how I found my seat in the very last desk in the middle row in the class. And my first desk-friend later became one of my best friends, even now, when he is studying in Vilnius, we sometimes meet each other. Another thing that I remember from the first class, is my teacher, who is already retired now. I loved her like “a good aunt”, I guess, sure not when she wrote me a bad mark. Other impressive thing that happened for me at school is when we finished 4th form and entered a completely new way of life - we were allowed to walk everywhere in the school, every lesson was in another place and we had a lot of teachers. I really disliked that system, but I couldn’t change it at all. Then, after couple of years I left my native school and moved to Belgium. There I also went to school, called “Humaniora” - it would be “gymnazium” in Lithuanian. And the biggest impression there was that students there were looking more serious in what they did. Sure, in a free-time you can see a lot of guys and girls smoking, sometimes drinking, they are dressed unordinary, bet at school every of them becomes good, diligent and friendly. They know what they want from the school, and they get it. And then……… I came to the school called “Rygiškių Jonas secondary school”. Maybe it was a mistake, maybe not - but, anywhere, I’m here and that’s all. I can’t say that this school is good, bad or better, it’s like all other schools in Lithuania. It’s made not to fit the child, here child must fit the school. But, I think, a lot depends on the student himself, his behavior, his minds, his wish. Of course, there are some teachers, like everywhere in the world, that are intractable, but they are minority. And all other teachers really wants (I think so, at least) us to have only good memories of our school days.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,83 kB)

And it become my hobby. Every time when I do photos I listen to music. I can say that to do pictures take up a lot of time and energy. Sometimes I finish this work at 1 a.m., once I finished at 3 a.m. it was last summer. I have a special kind of photos which I like to do very much. It is the photos which were taken in my class. To do these pictures is always funny. I like my hobby and I can recommend this occupation, because it is devilly interesting, but it is only my opinion. I have a lot of other occupations. I like to go to the swimming-pool, I like to play with the computer, but my favourite hobby is photography. How I said all people have their favourite occupations. My father likes to play basketball and watch TV. My mother likes to read newspapers and my sister's favourite occupation is to listen to the radio M1. I can say what my hobby is for me. What it gives to me? First, I forget about everything, what happened wrong and things which I do not want to remember.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,74 kB)

I think that money is very important to get married. If I haven't money I won't be able to maintain family. Sometimes I dream about the lawyer's profession. Sometimes I want to be an actor. If I enter the university , I would like to study book-keeping. I like that kind of work. I like paper work, maybe it is in my blood. My father, my aunt and my uncle are book-keepers. People who have this profession are required in every firm, or in another organisations. This profession is very old. I think that it was founded , when people made money. It was long time ago. Some people think that this profession is not very interesting, I don't agree with them. If I don't enter the university , I'll try to enter a private college. There I would like to study how to rule banks. I think this profession is very progressive now. I can't say that I will choose one of these professions. It is only my dreams. If I want to study one of these professions I must work harder than now.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (0,74 kB)

Through the one window I see Pusu street and through the second I can see yard with trees in it. There are many things in my room, but the mains are my sofa, table, a book shelf on the wall, and my PC on the table. In main room there are four or five chairs, two arm-chairs, little table, sofa, piano and section. All room's walls are coloured by yellow colour. In kitchen are four stools, table, refrigerator of course there are some other furniture in kitchen. So, I like my flat. My neighbours are not noisy, but sometimes one my neighbour makes noise in the middle of the night. He sometimes likes to listen loud music.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (2,61 kB)

She is first woman to hold the office of prime minister of Great Britain (1979-1990). She was born Margaret Hilda Roberts in Grantham and educated at the University of Oxford, where she earned degrees in chemistry; from 1947 to 1951 she worked as a research chemist. She married Denis Thatcher in 1951. In 1953, having studied for the bar, she became a tax lawyer. Joining the Conservative party, Thatcher was elected to the House of Commons in 1959. As minister of education and science from 1970 to 1974 under Edward Heath, she provoked a storm of protest by abolishing free milk in the schools.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (22,41 kB)

The main part of London is city. It's the places where London started. Now it's business centre. Few people can afford living in this part of the town - it's very expensive, so most people come there to do their job and leave this region in the evening. Westminster -- it's the central part of the town. Houses of Parliament, Westminster Abbey, National Galleries are situated there. There are many government offices. In one tower of House of Parliament is Big Ben -- the main clock of Great Britain. Just across the street is Westminster Abbey -- main Church of England. New monarch is crowned there, wedding ceremonies of the Royal family take place there. It is also famous for its poets' corner - many famous people are buried there. Not far you can see Trafalgar square with Admiral Nelson's statue. Under his leadership English fleet defeated united Spanish and French forces. Another interesting place is Buckingham Palace. If the Queen is in, you can watch changing guards. West end is the residential part. It's the richest part of London. Not far from there Hyde Park is situated with famous speakers’ corner. East part is the poorest part of London. It is industrial region, so air is polluted; a lot of slums are there. The tower of London is famous for tower and Tower Bridge. Tower is museum now, but it used to be a fortress, state prison, the mint, and treasury. The tower of the bridge in middle ages was used like place of execution. There is one more place of interest - British Museum.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,52 kB)

Firstly, I should speak about the reasons why more and more young people prefer living apart from their parents. What really matters is that living apart parents capacitate for free life without any interdictions and limits, as well. Entering university causes another reason. Usually, chosen university is in another city. Due to this youth has no other choice as to leave parents home, and move to a new place. We must not forget and one more point about this. For the meantime, living on one’s own is more fashion than necessity. Of course, there are a great majority of other reasons, but those few mentioned I think do the most influence to youth. Talking of my living place after finishing secondary school, I must say that it depends on university which I will enter. There is no doubt that after finishing school I will be constrained to leave my native town. It goes with the territory, that in these days I think more and more about my future living apartments. I don’t find myself very happy when I think that in near future I will have to live in students hostile. I am strongly determined to rent a flat. I’ve made decision like this as I don’t like living in huge groups without any private life. Also, I am expected to mention what difficult is might students have while living in students hostiles or rented flats. One of the negative sides of living in students’ hostiles or rented flats is living on one’s own. Not all school leavers are ready to cook food, do some other house duties. In addition to this, youth experience hard life. Moreover, living in new place where one doesn’t know anybody causes stress. Youth undergo depression. Finally, it costs a lot to live in hostile or rented flat. As a result, youngsters must look for a job, save money. They are not able to conduct whatever they want. In conclusion, all changes give a lot of satisfaction to young people, but we can’t forget about the hard which it does.

Anglų kalba  Kalbėjimo temos   (3,34 kB)